Foreign Languages

David Jones, business development manager at Wolfstone Translation in Swansea, told BBC Radio Wales that youngsters learning a foreign language would find it a good “brain-training” exercise.

He said it would also boost their job prospects, particularly in sectors trading with the fastest-growing nations.

“Brazilian Portuguese is a rising language along with Mandarin – any child who was to become fluent in either of those languages I’m pretty sure would never be unemployed”.

Renaming Foreign Language Departments

West Virginia University announced this semester that it no longer has a department of foreign languages, and that’s not because budget cuts eliminated any programs of study. Rather, the university renamed the program; it’s now the department of world languages, literatures and linguistics.

Across the country, Grossmont College, a two-year institution in Southern California, changed its foreign languages department to a world languages department this fall as well. These colleges follow others that have made that switch over the last five or so years. In Massachusetts, the Five College Foreign Language Resource Center was renamed the Five College Center for the Study of World Languages.

There are still plenty of departments named “foreign languages” (not to mention many foreign language requirements). But the trend — which appears to be growing — is leading to changes in the language used in programs. At Brookhaven College, for instance, the website of the world languages division puts the word “foreign” in quotes when discussing languages other than English. The Modern Language Association used to issue reports on “foreign language enrollments,” but more recently has gone with studies of “enrollments of languages other than English.” (The MLA does, however, still have its Association of Departments of Foreign Languages.)

The trend is least evident at elite institutions, which are more likely than most of higher education to have separate departments for individual languages or for groups of languages (Asian languages, Slavic languages). As a result, these institutions don’t have to place an overall label on groups of languages that may not have a lot in common beyond not being English.

One reason cited by many of the programs that are switching names is that their most popular language — Spanish — is widely spoken in the United States. “Spanish is not a foreign language anymore,” said Ángel T. Tuninetti, associate professor of Spanish and chair of world languages at West Virginia.

Similar shifts are taking place in discussions over what to call English instruction outside of the United States and other countries where English is the first language. John Segota, associate executive director of TESOL International Association (formerly Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages), said that in that field, the acronym EFL (for English as a foreign language) is seen increasingly as imprecise (outside the United States) when people all over the world use English in some ways.

Spanish Unlocks Doors to Other Languages in Cal State Program

Priscilla Castro grew up enthralled with French culture despite understanding few words of the movies and music in which she delighted.

Now Castro’s facility with Spanish, which her family spoke at home, is serving as an unlikely bridge to mastering le Francais in a unique Cal State Long Beach program designed to exploit Spanish speakers’ existing language skills.

“I’m not 100 percent fluent, but I can hold a conversation,” said Castro, 21, a journalism major. “A lot of things in Spanish are very similar, although because I learned Spanish at home, I didn’t know a lot of the grammatical rules. So learning French is actually helping me to improve my Spanish grammar.”

The French for Hispanophones program was developed more than five years ago but recently surged in popularity at the Long Beach campus, where more than 30 percent of students are Latino.

About 80 students were enrolled this fall in the French program, which has been such a success that a course in Italian for Spanish speakers was added this year. The university may double the number of class sections for each course next fall because of the demand, officials said.

The program has attracted the interest of linguistics educators from around the nation, including the Air Force Academy, which last year established a Portuguese course for Spanish speakers that is modeled on the Long Beach initiative.

“We realized from our own educational experiences that this kind of foreign language learning was a huge bonus, but what had never happened before was a strategic way of implementing courses that would be successful,” said Clorinda Donato, a professor of French and Italian at Long Beach and one of the program’s creators.

“It’s a highly innovative program, especially for the United States, where getting people to learn a language other than English is the first challenge, and teaching essentially a third language is an even greater accomplishment,” said Rosemary Feal, executive director of the Modern Language Assn.

“Research shows that once someone has learned a language other than their native tongue, it becomes increasingly easier to learn a third, fourth or fifth language,” Feal said. “Students doing this program will be uniquely advantaged if they want to go even further.”

Unlike traditional language programs that focus on the grammar and vocabulary of a single language, students in the French and Italian programs are taught to use similarities in their native language to better comprehend the new one.

The approach is especially effective with French, Spanish, Italian and other Romance languages. For example, the French verbs for “to know,” connatre and savoir, are similar in structure to the same verbs in Spanish, conocer and saber. Students in the Long Beach programs typically acquire skills in a single semester that would take a year in traditional programs, Donato said.

Students said they welcomed the accelerated pace.

“The masculine and feminine structure is similar, and that all came pretty easily,” said Jonathan Beaty, 22, a student of French who is fluent in Spanish. “The teacher doesn’t have to spend time on a lot of grammatical structures and can focus on other things.”

In another classroom, students were conversing in Italian and performing skits that would count toward their grades.

Jorge Gonzalez, who is taking Italian, said he studied abroad last year in Spain and was surprised during a trip to Italy to be able to communicate well in Spanish. He said he hopes that being trilingual will help his chances in a tough job market.

“I’m going into teaching, and it opens up so many more opportunities”, he said.

The focus should be on expanding rather than restricting the language pool, especially in Southern California, which has a population of native Spanish speakers on which to build, said Etienne Farreyre, a cultural attache at the French Consulate in Los Angeles. The consulate initiated the Long Beach program and has provided funding and scholarship support.

“The program has proved that it works,” Farreyre said. “Once you learn those three languages, you can go all over the world”.

The Long Beach program was recently awarded a three-year, $100,000 grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to develop French and Italian courses for Spanish speakers in high schools and community colleges. Long Beach instructors are also working with the University of Toulouse to develop specialized course materials.

Studying French has opened a world of possibilities for her, said Abril Calderon, a 2009 Long Beach graduate who works at a Los Angeles marketing firm.

“It allows me to tap into different markets and audiences,” said Calderon, 26, who also studied in France. “Something as simple as making a sales call and speaking Spanish or French can send a message and makes a huge difference in how relationships turn out. Personally, you feel more like a global citizen”.

There are 500 million French speakers across the globe.

Is Russia Artificial?

Forget Putin’s twisted invocation of Soviet history. Was Ukraine’s state formation, as Putin implies, more complex than Russia’s? Take a look at any map of Muscovy’s expansion from a tiny statelet in the 14th century to the Russian Federation of today. There was nothing simple or natural or preordained about the process. Successive Muscovite princes and czars fought incessant wars, killed foreign peoples, destroyed foreign cultures, and seized foreign territories. Today’s Russia is the “compound” product of relentless imperial expansion, war, and destruction.

Unsurprisingly, today’s Russia consists of 27 regions (republics, districts, and provinces) that have the status of autonomous non-Russian political entities. That’s 32 percent of the total number of regions, and about 40 percent of the Russian Federation’s territory. According to Putin’s logic, each of these units has the right—and obligation—to secede from Russia.

Things get even worse when one takes a closer look at the Russian “nation.” The Russian state, though artificial, at least exists. But is there anything resembling a coherent Russian nation? Don’t be so certain that the answer is yes. For one thing, Russians aren’t sure whether they’re rossianie or russkie. English makes no difference between these two designations, but, as the rough equivalent of British vs. English, they stand for very different self-perceptions. For another, there are vast differences, in mentality, history, identity, and language, between—just to take three examples—European Russians centered on St. Petersburg and Moscow and those Russians living in Siberia, the Far East, and southern Russia. Siberian Russians have an identity as sibiryaks. Far Eastern Russians resent the intrusiveness of Moscow. Southern Russians sound more like Ukrainians—substituting H for G—than Muscovites and Petersburgers.

In a word, the Russian nation is as artificial as the Russian state. Should both therefore be dismembered—say, by the Chechens, Bashkirs, Yakuts, Tatars, Ukrainians, and Chinese? Should Germany lay claim to Kaliningrad (the former Königsberg)? Should the Crimean Tatars—or perhaps even the Turks—claim the Crimea and boot out the Russians? Should the Kazakhs drive out the Russians in the north of their country? If you believe Putin, then the answer has to be yes. If you’re a rational policymaker or decent human being who suspects that endless border adjustments are a recipe for incessant wars, you may decide that the answer is no. After all, the bottom line is that all nations and all states are artificial historical constructs.

Either way, the issue may be moot. Having opened a Pandora’s Box of territorial revisions, Putin may have dealt a death blow to the artificial Russian state and fragmented Russian nation. In the years ahead, expect the Russian Federation’s many nations, autonomous regions, and large neighbors to test Putin’s commitment to state dismemberment.

http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/9/18/russia-foreign-military-bases.html

http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2014/05/interactive-russia-foreign-military-bases-201459104513678477.html